开源硬件设计 未来的硬件设计技术
2008-05-06
作者:杨 晖
开源" title="开源">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" 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title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" 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title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件" title="开源硬件">开源硬件(Open-Source Hardware,OSH)是应半导体制造技术的高速发展和集成电路行业新的商业模式---付费IP而出现的,他还得益于开源软件模式的成功和硬件描述手段的进步。经过近20年发展,开源软件已深入人心并得到商用,成为软件发展进程中的重要组成部分,从而为开源硬件的发展提供了重要的参考模式;硬件描述语言如VHDL和VerilogHDL的发展,使得硬件设计" title="硬件设计">硬件设计模型能够以软件的形式存在并传播。目前绝大部分开源硬件都是以硬件描述语言的形式出现的。
什么是开源硬件?
开源硬件所指的源代码公开,具有丰富的内涵。开源组织对开源硬件的定义主要基于以下三点:
1)所有的硬件设计文档都是可以自由获取的,包括原理图、HDL源代码和版图文件等;
2)基于硬件及其接口的所有软件都是可以自由获取的,包括接口驱动、指令集、软件编译器等;
3)与硬件使用相关的所有文档都是可以自由获取的,包括软件使用说明、硬件端口连接信息等。
总之,只有在修改、实现和使用该硬件所需的全部信息都可以自由获取情况下,该硬件才算是符合真正开放源代码的规范。当前绝大部分开源硬件都是以基于(L)GPL许可证的HDL形式发布的。
开源硬件的意义
开源硬件通过共享技术文档和IP模式的方式,使设计者可以在已有的技术基础上设计出新的系统,避免了不必要的重复劳动,使新系统的开发时间减少,成本降低。
开源使硬件设计和开发变得更加规范可靠。开源硬件的设计文档可以在开放平等的基础上供公众审查,在相互借鉴和比较的基础上,硬件单元的设计能够变得有序和规范。而且,开源设计由于不存在技术保密问题而随时可以获得众多的支持,不断的改进和充分的验证必然使开源硬件变得更加可靠。
开源硬件使其他设计者可以从中学习并相互交流,使硬件的总体水平不断得到提升。
随着芯片设计越来越大,芯片设计越来越向SOC方向迈进,也就是在一个芯片中集成很多现有的IP核,以达到快速设计出系统的目的。这时,IP核的可重用性和可更改性就成了最关键的问题。而开放源码" title="开放源码">开放源码的IP核的无疑在这方面具有先天优势。因此,很多商业公司也逐渐加入了开放源码硬件的行列,例如,SUN公司、IBM公司。
开源硬件的产生及现状
开放源码硬件的产生可以追溯到1998年。当时,Delft University of Technology 的一些学生和老师在互连网上发起Open Design Circuits Group,目的是开放电路设计并把它发布在网上,尽管这个小组的活动逐渐稀少, 但它启发了后来最著名的两个开放源码硬件网站的产生:Opencores 和 OpenIPcore(2000年,OpenIPcore 合并入Opencores)。越来越多的学校学生选择把他们的设计公布到网上,并把许多功能集成到一起,以期完成很复杂的功能。
中国有案可查的开放源码硬件项目是2001年3月启动的OpenARM项目。在“中国芯“盛行的几年里,不少学校和研究单位参考开放源码的处理器设计了自己的微处理器,这个时期,中国利用开放源码硬件的资源进行IC设计的方法开始悄然流行。
2008年4月20日,赛灵思举办的“中国电子学会" title="中国电子学会">中国电子学会Xilinx杯开放源码硬件创新大赛” 在无锡国家集成电路基地经过紧张的最后一轮颠峰对决和评委们的遴选,终于圆满闭幕。此次大赛历时一年,共有来自近 50 所高校的 170 多支队伍,约1000 多位在校研究生和博士生组队参加了此次大赛,最后进入决赛阶段的共20多支队伍。来自北京邮电大学的“WCDMA系统字频数域干扰抵消器”项目最终摘取桂冠,载誉而归。中国电子学会秘书长刘明亮说:“首届‘中国电子学会Xilinx杯开放源码硬件创新大赛’结合了企业、高校、产业界三大领域的优势,成果累累,是推进设计行业发展的一大创新,充分展示了开放源码硬件对于涉及行业创新所发挥的积极作用。我们希望这次活动不是不是开放源码硬件的结束,而是一个人才聚集的开始。愿更多的设计人才和像赛灵思这样的行业领导厂商加入到推进开放源码硬件的行列中来。”赛灵思公司承诺, 2009年将继续携手中国电子学会举行下一届开放源码硬件大赛,继续支持基于下一代FPGA设计的创新人才培养事业。
中国科学院院士许居衍在《半导体特征循环与可重构芯片》中指出:“可重构技术是一个难度颇大,涉及面甚广的课题,尽管当前很多人在研究,但是无论在器件结构、系统结构还是在设计方法学方面,均存在不少问题,仍有很长的路要走。我们相信,可重构技术的发展,终将推动主流应用进入U-SoC通用波动,仅仅通过对“毛坯芯片”(Raw Chip)的配置编程就可以得到用户自定义的功能电路,从而引导半导体产业结构演变,促进不做芯片设计而专事芯片应用创新的Designless商业模式的新兴起。”
开源硬件设计发展上的最大障碍在于其硬件物理实现上的困难。可编程逻辑器件(PLD), 特别是现场可编程门阵列(FPGA), 以其快速灵活,初期投入成本低廉, 成为开放源码硬件最适合的开发平台。因此,Opencores的设计主要都是在FPGA上进行。许院士认为, FPGA在设计领域中正逐步从以前的配角变为主角,这是半导体产品特征循环的必然结果。这也解释了赛灵思公司热衷推动开源硬件发展的原因。
开源硬件面临的挑战
开放源码硬件从诞生到现在将近10年了,很多人为它的发展付出了大量的努力, 但至今采用开放源码硬件运用在实际应用系统中的案例几乎没有。究其原因,开放源码硬件面临的问题和挑战主要有:
1)免费EDA工具的获取。
尽管有Alliance 和 gEDA 等EDA工具可供使用,但它的功能和易用性与商业EDA软件相比还是不能相提并论。对于“非完美主义”的开放源码硬件设计者来说,适当采用商业软件是一个可以考虑的方案。在商业软件中,由于FPGA厂商的软件工具(比如XILINX的ISE, EDK,CHIPSCOPE,SYSTEM GENERATOR等)可以通过大学计划获得捐赠,使得利用强大商业软件的支持进行开放源码硬件设计变得可能。
2)板卡制造成本
自己制作一块FPGA原型系统板的成本是相当可观的,
3)上市时间
在电子产品数月就换代的时代,上市时间是电子系统设计的一个关键因素,即使是采用商业IP, 都有可能遇到意想不到的整合问题;而 目前开放源码硬件在文档完备性,稳定性上,技术支持方面存在的诸多问题,更是使务实的设计者望而确步。
4)软件丰富性和工具链问题
如果采用开放源码的处理器,这就意味着从指令集到编译器到调试器都是重新开发的,几乎所有的软件都需要移植和重新编译,这使得开放源码的处理器的开发尤其困难。
5)厂商支持
Linux得以蓬勃发展,除了广大爱好者的奉献之外,IBM 等大公司的积极推动也起了非常大的作用。 而开放源码硬件的发展,也离不开相关硬件厂商的支持。
正是由于这些挑战的存在,开放源码硬件的活动目前更多的集中在大学和研究机构中,尤其在不发达国家中,更多得起着硬件设计知识传播的作用。
开源硬件与开源软件的起步阶段类似,也存在开源硬件来源少、许可制度不完善、开源硬件组织松散以及缺乏有效的商业盈利模式等诸多问题。尽管如此,开源硬件设计以其良好的开放性将不可避免地对硬件技术产生重大影响,将有更多商业公司加入开放源码硬件的行列,最终使整个硬件设计行业受益。